Uitgelezen

Waarom de Beauvoir nog lezen?

Op 14 april is het precies vijfendertig jaar geleden dat Simone de Beauvoir (1908 – 1986) overleed. De Beauvoir was schrijfster, partner van Sartre en feministe. In die volgorde.

“Ik ontken het belang van het feminisme in mijn leven niet, maar vóór alles ben ik schrijfster,” drukte Simone de Beauvoir haar biografe Deirdre Bair begin jaren 80 op het hart. Het schrijverschap gaf de Beauvoir zelfbewustzijn. In 1938, toen ze nog les gaf, noteerde ze: “Dertig jaar oud, onzeker in mijn beroep.”

Net als Sartre geloofde de Beauvoir in Rodolphe Töppfers motto – ‘Wie niet beroemd is op zijn achtentwintigste, moet voor eeuwig van roem afzien’. Ze schreef haar eerste verhaal op haar zevende. Toen ze twintig jaar later nog niets gepubliceerd had, verweet ze zichzelf luiheid. Nochtans dankte ze haar bijnaam Castor, ‘de bever’, aan haar planmatige werklust. Aan de Sorbonne haalde ze haar ‘agrégation’ in de filosofie in drie in plaats van vier jaar. Daarna gaf ze les in – achtereenvolgens – Marseille, Rouen en Parijs. Ze onderwees met geestdrift maar zonder voorbereiding, vertrouwend op haar parate kennis. Haar energie besteedde ze aan lange wandeltochten, reizen, lezen en schrijven, vrienden en minnaars.

De belangrijkste van hen, Jean-Paul Sartre, moedigde de Beauvoirs literaire ambities aan. Zijn enthousiasme had een ongewenst effect. Als hij warm liep voor een plot, kreeg zij geen woord meer op papier. Rond haar vijfentwintigste werkte de Beauvoir twee jaar aan een boek over haar vroeg gestorven vriendin Zaza. Het resultaat viel tegen en ze herwerkte de roman tot een reeks kortverhalen, die ze in de winter van 1937 afrondde, toen een klaplong haar te bed hield.

Zowel Gallimard, de uitgeverij die in 1938 Sartres ‘Walging’ uitbracht, als Grasset wezen het manuscript af. De Beauvoir was teleurgesteld, maar zette haar tanden in een nieuw project. De roman ‘Uitgenodigd’, over een driehoeksverhouding in de Parijse  toneelwereld, baseerde ze op haar ménage à trois met Sartre en de zeventienjarige, Witrussische studente Olga Kosakiewicz. Het boek verscheen in 1943 en werd een literaire sensatie in bezet Parijs.

De Beauvoir kreeg na een klacht wegens ‘corruptie van minderjarigen’ haar ontslag als lerares. Op haar vijfendertigste werd ze fulltime schrijfster.

“Wat zou ik jaloers geweest zijn op de serieuze jonge vrouw die nu aan haar literaire carrière begon, als ze een andere naam had gehad dan de mijne”, klinkt het in de memoires. Haar naam won internationaal aan bekendheid. In het naoorlogse Europa was de populariteit van het existentialisme onbetwist. Boegbeelden van deze filosofie, met z’n klemtoon op vrijheid en verantwoordelijkheid, waren Sartre, auteur van ‘Het zijn en het niet’ en de Beauvoir, de gelijkgestemde filosofe die niet van zijn zijde week.

Filosofie en literatuur waren voor de Beauvoir instrumenten tot zelfanalyse. Tussen 1958 en 1972 schreef ze een vierdelige autobiografie, waarin ze openhartig – maar geflatteerd – vertelt over haar kinderjaren (‘Een welopgevoed meisje’), studententijd en relaties (‘De Bloei van het leven’). Ook haar romans wortelen in de werkelijkheid. ‘De Mandarijnen’, dat in 1955 de Prix Goncourt won, schetst een beeld van het naoorlogse Franse intellectuele klimaat. In het conflict van hoofdpersonages Robert Dubreuilh, voorstander van een ‘derde weg’ tussen amerikanisme en stalinisme, en Henri Perron, leider van een volstrekt onafhankelijk dagblad met verzetsgeschiedenis, hoorden tijdgenoten echo’s van het conflict Sartre-Camus. In een nevenintrige geeft de Beauvoir een gefictionaliseerd relaas van haar relatie met de Amerikaanse auteur Nelson Algren. Zelfs haar essayistisch werk was een zoektocht naar zelfkennis. Uitgangspunt voor ‘De Tweede Sekse’ (1949) was haar verwondering over de verschillen tussen haar leven en dat van seksegenoten.

De Beauvoir hield een dagboek bij en schreef honderden brieven. Postuum werd een groot deel daarvan gepubliceerd. Kan een schrijver teveel over zichzelf aan het papier toevertrouwen? In het geval van de Beauvoir ben je geneigd ja te antwoorden.

Ze schreef zoals ze – volgens haar vriendin Stépha Gerassi – praatte: “Altijd ik, ik, ik.”

La grande Sartreuse

Voor iemand die schreef om zichzelf te verklaren, had de Beauvoir het opvallend vaak over Jean-Paul Sartre. Daarom – en omdat ze later debuteerde, op filosofisch vlak minder creatief was en hem (op zijn verzoek) soms met strakke hand van de buitenwereld afschermde, noemden Franse journalisten haar ‘la grande Sartreuse’. De Beauvoir erkende in Sartre openlijk haar intellectuele meerdere, tot ergernis van vele feministen. Zij vermelden steevast dat hij in 1929 bij de ‘agrégation’ nipt meer punten behaalde, maar drie jaar ouder was en het examen voor de tweede keer aflegde.

Aan de Sorbonne begon de relatie Sartre-de Beauvoir, die uitgroeide tot één van de romantische mythes van de 20ste eeuw. In de zomer na hun ‘agrégation’, in de velden van Uzerche, veranderde hun studievriendschap in een seksuele relatie, die werd bezegeld met een mondeling contract. De hoeksteen daarvan was waarheid, niet hartstocht. Ze noemden hun liefde voor elkaar ‘essentieel’, maar stonden elkaar ‘contigente’ liefdesaffaires toe, zolang ze eerlijk bleven.

Uit hun brieven blijkt dat ze oprecht waren tegenover elkaar – meestal -, maar zelden tegen de jonge volgelingen waarmee ze zich in de jaren ’30 in de cafés van Parijs omringden. Ze doopten die groep ‘de Familie’ en hadden allebei een relatie met Bianca Bienenfeld, Nathalie Sorokine en Olga Kosakiewicz. Sartre sliep bovendien met Olga’s zus Wanda en de Beauvoir met Olga’s latere echtgenoot Jean-Laurent Bost. Leugens, jaloezie en intriges waren legio binnen de Familie.

De Beauvoir gaf haar lesbische relaties, die ze als Ersatz voor het echte werk beschouwde, publiekelijk niet toe. In brieven naar Sartre spaarde ze geen details. 

Na de oorlog sliep Sartre met talloze minnaressen, waarvan hij enkele tot zijn dood onderhield, maar niet meer met de Beauvoir. Hun relatie werd een intellectuele aangelegenheid. De Beauvoir was Sartres eerste lezer en criticus, zijn klankbord en redactrice. Ze investeerde tijd en energie in ‘Les Temps modernes’, het tijdschrift dat hij in 1945 stichtte. Als Sartre haar mening vroeg over een tekst, legde zij haar werk meteen opzij. Hij hield rekening met haar opmerkingen. Gelijkwaardigheid was – na vrijheid en eerlijkheid – een sleutelwoord in hun verhouding.

Zo zagen ze dat tenminste zelf. Nelson Algren, de Amerikaan die in 1947 een passionele verhouding begon met de Beauvoir, kon niet verdragen hoe zij zich schikte naar Sartres schema. Algren bedankte voor een plaats op de tweede bank en beëindigde in 1951 hun trans-Atlantische liefde. Verbitterd – ook om de manier waarop ze hem in haar memoires te kijk zette – omschreef hij de Beauvoirs pact met Sartre als “een al twintig jaar dode liefde die ze met alle geweld wilde opblazen tot een hartstocht van klassieke dimensies”.

In haar memoires en interviews gaf de Beauvoir een geïdealiseerd beeld van ‘het intellectuele paar’ of ‘schrijverskoppel’ dat ze met Sartre vormde. Ze minimaliseert de rol van Wanda Kosakiewicz, met wie Sartre tijdens de oorlog wilde trouwen en typeert haar als ‘de jeuk, maar zeker niet de doorn in mijn bestaan’. Ze beklemtoont haar – door Sartre formeel erkende – rol als eerste vertrouwelinge en vergoelijkt de momenten dat hij haar pijn deed. Toch waren die er zeker. In 1945 droeg Sartre het eerste nummer van ‘Les Temps modernes’, waaraan de Beauvoir hard had gewerkt, op aan zijn New Yorkse geliefde Dolores Vanetti. Twintig jaar later adopteerde hij Arlette Elkaïm, een verstandige, jonge joods-Algerijnse die zo erfgename werd van zijn literaire nalatenschap.

De Beauvoir trachtte Sartre in zijn denken te volgen en steunen, want hun gelijkgestemdheid was haar heilig. In de jaren 50 evolueerde hij van existentialistische filosoof naar linkse activist. De Beauvoir vergezelde hem op reizen naar China, de Sovjetunie en Cuba. Ze nam stelling in tegen de Franse regering tijdens de Algerijnse oorlog, zonder van nature veel politieke interesse te hebben. Na de studentenrevolutie van 1968 ontwikkelde Sartre richting maoïsme, terwijl de Beauvoirs feministische sympathieën groeiden.

Mentale afstand kwam er toch. Sartres filosofie en visie op literatuur veranderden voortdurend. De Beauvoir hield consequent vast aan zijn denkkader uit ‘Het zijn en het niet’ (1943). Dat leidde in de jaren 70 tot onenigheid met Sartres adoptiefdochter Arlette en zijn laatste secretaris, de radicale Benny Lévy. De Beavoir verweet die discipelen van de nieuwe Sartre dat ze een aftakelende, oude man manipuleerden. Sartre was tegen die tijd blind, depressief en incontinent, maar wees de Beauvoir terecht: “Ik kan nog steeds helder nadenken. U moet me toestaan daarmee door te gaan.”

Proto feministe

De Beauvoir kon moeiteloos toegeven dat Sartre van hen beiden het genie was, maar insinuaties dat zij hem meer nodig had dan omgekeerd, maakten haar razend. Ze zag zichzelf als auteur en helft van een legendarisch koppel, maar evengoed als onafhankelijke vrouw.

Als tiener kreeg de Beauvoir van haar verarmde vader te horen dat ze niet kon trouwen omdat ze geen bruidsschat had. Ze werd lerares om in haar eigen onderhoud te voorzien. In de jaren 30 en 40 leidde ze een voor Franse vrouwen onconventioneel leven. Ze was financieel onafhankelijk, woonde op hotelkamers, had minnaars, zat in cafés, reisde, schreef en deed wat ze wou. Met seksisme was ze nog nooit geconfronteerd.

Een collega lerares aan het lyceum van Rouen, Colette Audry, vertelde in 1933 dat ze een boek over haar ervaring als vrouw wilde schrijven. Dat leek de Beauvoir weinig opwindend. Dertien jaar later zou Sartre haar proberen te overtuigen dat zíj en niet Audry dat boek moest schrijven. Meer uit plichtsbesef dan uit enthousiasme beloofde ze het te overwegen.

In 1947, toen ze als existentialistische filosofe was uitgenodigd aan verschillende Amerikaanse universiteiten, gingen haar ogen open. De terughoudendheid van vrouwen in intellectuele discussies met mannen verbaasde haar. Ze bestookte haar nieuwe minnaar Nelson Algren met vragen over de dagelijkse levensomstandigheden van vrouwen in de VS.

Tegen de tijd dat Franse vrouwen stemrecht kregen, was ze terug in Parijs. In Sartres kielzog kwam ze eind jaren 40 in politieke milieus, waar ze voor het eerst vaststelde dat men haar niet ernstig nam. Haar ideeën voor een ‘essay over vrouwen’ groeiden.  

‘De Tweede Sekse’ (1949) werd een lijvig, tweedelig boek, dat ze in de Bibliothèque Nationale voorbereidde. Het eerste deel geeft een historisch overzicht van de situatie van de vrouw, met aandacht voor mythen over vrouwelijkheid. Het tweede deel behandelt de levensloop en seksualiteit van vrouwen op meer persoonlijke wijze. Hoofdstelling is dat de vrouw altijd in relatie tot de man wordt gezien, en zo wordt gereduceerd tot de inferieure, tweede sekse.

In Frankrijk verkocht het boek goed, ondanks felle kritiek op de Beauvoirs schrijfstijl, wetenschappelijke methodiek en gezichtspunt. Vrouwen verweten haar dat ze hen beschreef alsof ze zelf geen vrouw was. Ze ontving obscene brieven en werd openbaar beschimpt. De reacties op de Engelse vertaling in 1953 waren positiever. Amerikaanse critici beschouwden de Beauvoirs studie als baanbrekend. Hun Franse collega’s mopperden: ‘Jullie maakten van haar ons heilig monster.’

Het materiaal van ‘De Tweede Sekse’ was omvangrijk, maar liet zich makkelijk structureren. De Beauvoir werkte vier jaar aan het boek. Na afloop was ze opgelucht, maar niet herboren. Ze schreef ‘De Mandarijnen’ en haar autobiografie en begon een langdurige relatie met de zeventien jaar jongere journalist/cinéast Claude Lanzmann. Tijdens de jaren 50 werd ze op reizen met Sartre regelmatig aangesproken over vrouwenkwesties.

Actief in de vrouwenstrijd werd ze pas in 1970, toen een delegatie van de Mouvement de Libération des Femmes haar contacteerde.

De Beauvoir ontpopte zich tot pleitbezorgster van legale abortus. Hoewel ze nooit zwanger was geweest, tekende ze het ‘Manifest van de 343’, waarin Françaises als Catherine Deneuve en Simone Signoret abortus bekenden.

In ‘Les Temps modernes’ begon ze de column ‘Alledaags seksisme’. Ze gaf lezingen, schreef voorwoorden en zette zich in voor tehuizen voor mishandelde vrouwen.

Haar feministisch engagement was oprecht, maar bood ook welkome afleiding van Sartres aftakeling. Zijn jarenlange drank- en druggebruik eisten in de jaren 70 hun tol. De Beauvoir had van kinds af aan een diepe angst voor dood en pijn. Ze trachtte die te rationaliseren in het essay ‘Over Ouderdom’ (1970), maar deelde de zorg voor de zieke Sartre graag met Arlette, Wanda en Michelle Vian.

Na Sartres dood (1980) vreesden intimi dat de Beauvoir hem snel zou volgen. Haar –intussen voornamelijk ceremoniële – functie binnen het feminisme en vriendschap met adoptiefdochter Sylvie le Bon hielden haar nog zes jaar overeind, tot een longoedeem haar op 14 april 1986 velde. Ze ligt begraven op het kerkhof Montparnasse, naast Sartre. Een passage uit de memoires siert haar grafsteen: “Tussen twee personen is harmonie nooit een gegeven; ze moet voortdurend worden veroverd.”  

Het verzameld werk van de Beauvoir verscheen in het Nederlands bij uitgeverij Agathon.

Deirdre Bair, Simone de Beauvoir, Biografie. Vert. Christine Quint en Jabik Veenbaas. Anthos/Lannoo, 1990, 824 p.

Grondige, degelijke biografie, gebaseerd op gesprekken met de Beauvoir. Hier en daar achterhaald door postume onthullingen.

Hazel Rowley, Tête-à-tête. Simone de Beauvoir en Jean-Paul Sartre, Portret van een relatie. Vert. Rob van Essen. Ambo/Manteau, 2006, 392 p.

Up-to-date relatieportret, zonder veel duiding bij werk en filosofie van beiden.

Dit artikel verscheen (veel) eerder in De Standaard der Letteren

Privacy Overview

This Privacy Policy sets out how we, This is how we read, collect, store and use information about you when you use or interact with our website, thisishowweread.be (our website) and where we otherwise obtain or collect information about you. This Privacy Policy is effective from 17th February 2020.

Contents

  • Summary
  • Our details
  • When you visit our website
  • Marketing communications
  • Information obtained from third parties
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  • How long we retain your information
  • How we secure your information
  • Transfers of your information outside the European Economic Area
  • Your rights in relation to your information
  • Changes to our Privacy Policy
  • Children’s Privacy

Summary

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Our details

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When you visit our website

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Post

If you contact us by post, we will collect any information you provide to us in any postal communications you send us.

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Marketing communications

Our content, goods and services

When signing up for content, registering on our website or making a payment, we will use the information you provide in order to contact you regarding related content, products and services.

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Third party goods and services

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Transfer and storage of your information

Information for marketing campaigns will be stored outside the European Economic Area on our third-party mailing list provider’s servers in the United States.

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Use of tracking in emails

We use technologies such as tracking pixels (small graphic files) and tracked links in the emails we send to allow us to assess the level of engagement our emails receive by measuring information such as the delivery rates, open rates, click through rates and content engagement that our emails achieve.

Information obtained from third parties

This section sets out how we obtain or collect information about you from third parties.

Information received from third parties

We can often receive information about you from third parties. The third parties from which we receive information about you can include partner events within the marketing industry and other organisations that we have a professional affiliation with.

It is also possible that third parties with whom we have had no prior contact may provide us with information about you.

Information we obtain from third parties will generally be your name and contact details but will include any additional information about you which they provide to us.

Legal basis for processing: necessary to perform a contract or to take steps at your request to enter into a contract (Article 6(1)(b) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Reason why necessary to perform a contract: where a third party has passed on information about you to us (such as your name and email address) in order for us to provide services to you, we will process your information in order to take steps at your request to enter into a contract with you and perform a contract with you (as the case may be).

Legal basis for processing: consent (Article 6(1)(a) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Consent: where you have asked that a third party to share information about you with us and the purpose of sharing that information is not related to the performance of a contract or services by us to you, we will process your information on the basis of your consent, which you give by asking the third party in question to pass on your information to us.

Legal basis for processing: our legitimate interests (Article 6(1)(f) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Legitimate interests: where a third party has shared information about you with us and you have not consented to the sharing of that information, we will have a legitimate interest in processing that information in certain circumstances.

For example, we would have a legitimate interest in processing your information to perform our obligations under a sub-contract with the third party, where the third party has the main contract with you. Our legitimate interest is the performance of our obligations under our sub-contract.

Similarly, third parties may pass on information about you to us if you have infringed or potentially infringed any of our legal rights. In this case, we will have a legitimate interest in processing that information to investigate and pursue any such potential infringement.

Information obtained by us from third parties

In certain circumstances (for example, to verify the information we hold about you or obtain missing information we require to provide you with a service) we will obtain information about you from certain publicly accessible sources, both EU and non-EU, such as Companies House, online customer databases, business directories, media publications, social media, and websites (including your own website if you have one.

In certain circumstances will also obtain information about you from private sources, both EU and non-EU, such as marketing data services.

We will continue to send you marketing communications in relation to similar goods and services if you do not opt out from receiving them.

You can opt-out from receiving marketing communications at any time by emailing info@thisishowweread.be

Legal basis for processing: our legitimate interests (Article 6(1)(f) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Legitimate interests: Sharing relevant, timely and industry-specific information on related business services.

Where we receive information about you in error

If we receive information about you from a third party in error and/or we do not have a legal basis for processing that information, we will delete your information.

Disclosure and additional uses of your information

This section sets out the circumstances in which will disclose information about you to third parties and any additional purposes for which we use your information.

Disclosure of your information to service providers

We use a number of third parties to provide us with services which are necessary to run our business or to assist us with running our business

These include the following: Internet services, IT service providers and web developers.

Our third-party service providers are located both inside and outside of the European Economic Area.

Your information will be shared with these service providers where necessary to provide you with the service you have requested, whether that is accessing our website or ordering goods and services from us.

We do not display the identities of our service providers publicly by name for security and competitive reasons. If you would like further information about the identities of our service providers, however, please contact us directly by email and we will provide you with such information where you have a legitimate reason for requesting it (where we have shared your information with such service providers, for example).

Legal basis for processing: legitimate interests (Article 6(1)(f) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Legitimate interest relied on: where we share your information with these third parties in a context other than where is necessary to perform a contract (or take steps at your request to do so), we will share your information with such third parties in order to allow us to run and manage our business efficiently.

Legal basis for processing: necessary to perform a contract and/or to take steps at your request prior to entering into a contract (Article 6(1)(b) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Reason why necessary to perform a contract: we may need to share information with our service providers to enable us to perform our obligations under that contract or to take the steps you have requested before we enter into a contract with you.

Disclosure and use of your information for legal reasons

Indicating possible criminal acts or threats to public security to a competent authority

If we suspect that criminal or potential criminal conduct has been occurred, we will in certain circumstances need to contact an appropriate authority, such as the police. This could be the case, for instance, if we suspect that we fraud or a cyber-crime has been committed or if we receive threats or malicious communications towards us or third parties.

We will generally only need to process your information for this purpose if you were involved or affected by such an incident in some way.

Legal basis for processing: our legitimate interests (Article 6(1)(f) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Legitimate interests: preventing crime or suspected criminal activity (such as fraud).

In connection with the enforcement or potential enforcement our legal rights

We will use your information in connection with the enforcement or potential enforcement of our legal rights, including, for example, sharing information with debt collection agencies if you do not pay amounts owed to us when you are contractually obliged to do so. Our legal rights may be contractual (where we have entered into a contract with you) or non-contractual (such as legal rights that we have under copyright law or tort law).

Legal basis for processing: our legitimate interests (Article 6(1)(f) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Legitimate interest: enforcing our legal rights and taking steps to enforce our legal rights.

In connection with a legal or potential legal dispute or proceedings

We may need to use your information if we are involved in a dispute with you or a third party for example, either to resolve the dispute or as part of any mediation, arbitration or court resolution or similar process.

Legal basis for processing: our legitimate interests (Article 6(1)(f) of the General Data Protection Regulation).

Legitimate interest(s): resolving disputes and potential disputes.

How long we retain your information

This section sets out how long we retain your information. We have set out specific retention periods where possible. Where that has not been possible, we have set out the criteria we use to determine the retention period.

Retention periods

Server log information: we retain information on our server logs for 3 months.

Correspondence and enquiries: when you make an enquiry or correspond with us for any reason, whether by email or via our contact form or by phone, we will retain your information for as long as it takes to respond to and resolve your enquiry, and for 36 further month(s), after which point we will archive your information.

Newsletter: we retain the information you used to sign up for our newsletter for as long as you remain subscribed (i.e. you do not unsubscribe).

Criteria for determining retention periods

In any other circumstances, we will retain your information for no longer than necessary, taking into account the following:

    • the purpose(s) and use of your information both now and in the future (such as whether it is necessary to continue to store that information in order to continue to perform our obligations under a contract with you or to contact you in the future);
    • whether we have any legal obligation to continue to process your information (such as any record-keeping obligations imposed by relevant law or regulation);
    • whether we have any legal basis to continue to process your information (such as your consent);
    • how valuable your information is (both now and in the future);
    • any relevant agreed industry practices on how long information should be retained;
    • the levels of risk, cost and liability involved with us continuing to hold the information;
    • how hard it is to ensure that the information can be kept up to date and accurate; and
    • any relevant surrounding circumstances (such as the nature and status of our relationship with you).

How we secure your information

We take appropriate technical and organisational measures to secure your information and to protect it against unauthorised or unlawful use and accidental loss or destruction, including:

  • only sharing and providing access to your information to the minimum extent necessary, subject to confidentiality restrictions where appropriate, and on an anonymised basis wherever possible;
  • using secure servers to store your information;
  • verifying the identity of any individual who requests access to information prior to granting them access to information;
  • using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) software to encrypt any payment transactions you make on or via our website;
  • only transferring your information via closed system or encrypted data transfers;

Transmission of information to us by email

Transmission of information over the internet is not entirely secure, and if you submit any information to us over the internet (whether by email, via our website or any other means), you do so entirely at your own risk.

We cannot be responsible for any costs, expenses, loss of profits, harm to reputation, damages, liabilities or any other form of loss or damage suffered by you as a result of your decision to transmit information to us by such means.

Transfers of your information outside the European Economic Area

Your information may be transferred and stored outside the European Economic Area (EEA) in the circumstances set out earlier in this policy.

We will also transfer your information outside the EEA or to an international organisation in order to comply with legal obligations to which we are subject (compliance with a court order, for example). Where we are required to do so, we will ensure appropriate safeguards and protections are in place.

Your rights in relation to your information

Subject to certain limitations on certain rights, you have the following rights in relation to your information, which you can exercise by writing to the data controller using the details provided at the top of this policy.

  • to request access to your information and information related to our use and processing of your information;
  • to request the correction or deletion of your information;
  • to request that we restrict our use of your information;
  • to receive information which you have provided to us in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format (e.g. a CSV file) and the right to have that information transferred to another data controller (including a third-party data controller);
  • to object to the processing of your information for certain purposes (for further information, see the section below entitled Your right to object to the processing of your information for certain purposes); and
  • to withdraw your consent to our use of your information at any time where we rely on your consent to use or process that information. Please note that if you withdraw your consent, this will not affect the lawfulness of our use and processing of your information on the basis of your consent before the point in time when you withdraw your consent.

In accordance with Article 77 of the General Data Protection Regulation, you also have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of your habitual residence, place of work or of an alleged infringement of the General Data Protection Regulation.

Further information on your rights in relation to your personal data as an individual

You can find out further information about your rights, as well as information on any limitations which apply to those rights, by reading the underlying legislation contained in Articles 12 to 22 and 34 of the General Data Protection Regulation, which is available here:http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/reform/files/regulation_oj_en.pdf

Verifying your identity where you request access to your information

Where you request access to your information, we are required by law to use all reasonable measures to verify your identity before doing so.

These measures are designed to protect your information and to reduce the risk of identity fraud, identity theft or general unauthorised access to your information.

How we verify your identity

Where we possess appropriate information about you on file, we will attempt to verify your identity using that information.

If it is not possible to identity you from such information, or if we have insufficient information about you, we may require original or certified copies of certain documentation in order to be able to verify your identity before we are able to provide you with access to your information.

We will be able to confirm the precise information we require to verify your identity in your specific circumstances if and when you make such a request.

Your right to object

You have the following rights in relation to your information, which you may exercise in the same way as you may exercise by writing to the data controller using the details provided at the top of this policy.

  • to object to us using or processing your information where we use or process it in order
  • to carry out a task in the public interest or for our legitimate interests, including ‘profiling’ (i.e. analysing or predicting your behaviour based on your information) based on any of these purposes; and
  • to object to us using or processing your information for direct marketing purposes (including any profiling we engage in that is related to such direct marketing).

You may also exercise your right to object to us using or processing your information for direct marketing purposes by:

  • clicking the unsubscribe link contained at the bottom of any marketing email we send to you and following the instructions which appear in your browser following your clicking on that link;
  • sending an email to info@thisishowweread.be, asking that we stop sending you marketing communications or by including the words “OPT OUT”.

Sensitive Personal Information

‘Sensitive personal information’ is information about an individual that reveals their racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, genetic information, biometric information for the purpose of uniquely identifying an individual, information concerning health or information concerning a natural person’s sex life or sexual orientation.

Our website does not allow you to register any ‘Sensitive Information’, however if we ask for this, you will be considered to have explicitly consented to us processing that sensitive personal information under Article 9(2)(a) of the General Data Protection Regulation.

Changes to our Privacy Policy

We update and amend our Privacy Policy from time to time.

Minor changes to our Privacy Policy

Where we make minor changes to our Privacy Policy, we will update our Privacy Policy with a new effective date stated at the beginning of it. Our processing of your information will be governed by the practices set out in that new version of the Privacy Policy from its effective date onwards.

Major changes to our Privacy Policy or the purposes for which we process your information

Where we make major changes to our Privacy Policy or intend to use your information for a new purpose or a different purpose than the purposes for which we originally collected it, we will notify you by email (where possible) or by posting a notice on our website.

We will provide you with the information about the change in question and the purpose and any other relevant information before we use your information for that new purpose.

Wherever required, we will obtain your prior consent before using your information for a purpose that is different from the purposes for which we originally collected it.

Children’s Privacy

Because we care about the safety and privacy of children online, we comply with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA). COPPA and its accompanying regulations protect the privacy of children using the internet. We do not knowingly contact or collect information from persons under the age of 18. The website is not intended to solicit information of any kind from persons under the age of 18.

It is possible that we could receive information pertaining to persons under the age of 18 by the fraud or deception of a third party. If we are notified of this, as soon as we verify the information, we will, where required by law to do so, immediately obtain the appropriate parental consent to use that information or, if we are unable to obtain such parental consent, we will delete the information from our servers. If you would like to notify us of our receipt of information about persons under the age of 18, please do so by contacting us by using the details at the top of this policy.